How far and what new discovery has the earth's satellites so far?

The furthest away we have seen has been 10 to 13 billion light years away. Typically quasars, which are very dense areas of radio sources, likely a super-massive black hole and/or the material around it's accretion disc. These are likely the oldest or some of the oldest objects in the Universe. The distance the objects are from us correlates to the age of this Universe.
 
Just to give a more updated statistic to the third answerer about Voyager 1 and "where is it now" ...

http://heavens-above.com/solar-escape.asp?lat=0&lng=0&loc=Unspecified&alt=0&tz=CET

They update the information multiple times per day.
 
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