Carbohydrates are only sugars, not all of the above. Sugars don't turn into carbohydrates, they already ARE carbohydrates. Effectively the terms are interchangeable.
Carbohydrates are NOT protein and fats. Carbohydrates become glucose in your body and glucose is a sugar. Any "...ose" is a sugar. Proteins can and are converted to satuated fats when eaten in excess. All proteins are a mixture of amino acids and are essential in making antibodies and hormones. All fats are a mixture of many fatty acids. Every cell membrane is made up of fatty acids.
Glucose is converted to pyruvic acid in the organelle, mitochondria, that is located inside each cell. Each molecule of pyruvic acid is converted to 2 molecules of ATP that is the energy the body uses.
Each cell contains an insulin receptor site that acts like a lock keeping glucose out of the cell. Insulin acts like a key to that lock allowing the "door" to open allowing the insulin into the cell. When you eat lots of sugar and carbs, these receptor sites can become fatigued and then resistant to the insulin. That is diabetes type 2.
We were NOT designed to eat lots of carbs, but were designed to eat lots of fats. Low fat diets are very destructive to the body and are used to promote "diet" lunacy that is simply damaging lots of people. There are good fats and bad fats. The BAD FATS: vegetable oils, trans fats, hydrogenated and partially hydrogenated oils (like those found in ALL MARGARINES).
You should be getting 30% of your food from fats, 40% carbs, and 30% proteins to be healthy.
Many foods and drinks that are being sold and recommended are causing major health problems in America today. Advertising has created INDOCTRINATION rather than good science learned by education, not a distored marketing campaign that tells you to eat this and that. Milk is a very good example of this problem. Pasteurization and homogenization was created to increase profits, NOT promote good health. Typical milk you buy in stores is terrible for you and should never be put into anyone's body. Look at this video to gain a little information on milk to see what good milk is: