Once you start smoking, there is already damage. Some damage may be little or big. If your father quit early, then that "damage" could possibly be gone through medicines.
If you think your father had been smoking for quite some time, it's better to be sure and ask for a lung x-ray so you see if there's some bad things done. :]
AFAIK the carbon particles stay for life but other non damaged cells grow and multiply to take over. In a few years his lung function will be average for a guy his age