The core Islamic belief is that man has been given free will in this life, and the retribution in the Hereafter is based on how he utilizes his freedom of choice in the worldly trial. Reconciling it with the notion of predestination is one of the most complex issues in Islamic theology. However, scholars have responded to this problem by stating that God is independent of space-time, and hence al-Qadr actually refers not to predestination (which has the notion of time) but to His knowledge of all events and actions, irrespective of time. Thus, who will go to Hell and who will enter Heaven is determined (not predetermined) for God, but for man, he will always bear the fruit of his actions. The issue can be solved only by considering God and man independently, and not on the same scale. In other words, Omniscience of God is not the opposite of Free Will.
[edit] ConceptThe phrase reflects a Muslim doctrine that Allah has measured out the span of every person's life, their lot of good or ill fortune, and the fruits of their efforts [1]. When referring to the future, Muslims frequently qualify any predictions of what will come to pass with the phrase Insha'Allah, Arabic for "if God wills [it]." The phrase recognizes that human knowledge of the future is limited, and that all that may or may not come to pass is under the control of God.
Qadar is one of the aspects of aqidah. Some Muslims believe that the divine destiny is when God wrote down in the Preserved Tablet ("al-Lau? al-Ma?fu?") all that has happened and will happen, which will come to pass as written[citation needed].
According to this belief, a person's action is not caused by what is written in the Preserved Tablet but, rather, the action is written in the Preserved Tablet because God already knows all occurrences without the restrictions of time.[3]
[edit] In the QuranThe doctrine of Predestination is sometimes only implied, and not mentioned together with the first five articles required for belief (i.e., God, hereafter, angels, Book, and the Prophets), which are stated in the same verses one after the other. In fact, Quran does so more than once,[clarification needed] God goes on to emphasise it in another way, He forbids the denial of the same five articles of belief, once again without the notion of Predestination;[Qur'an 2:177][Qur'an 4:136]
[edit] History